Relational Frame Theory and Cognitive Defusion: Discussions and directions for experimental research
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18761/PAC.2021.v12.RFT.15Keywords:
relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive defusion, experimental analysis of behaviorAbstract
Relational Frames Theory (RFT) is a behavioral-analytic approach for the study of verbal behavior. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a therapeutic philosophically based on functional contextualism, and conceptually influenced by RFT and basic behavioral principles. Despite it said to be based on the RFT, many ACT concepts and terms lack conceptually consistent definitions and experimental validation. ACT and RFT are part of an even larger movement, named Contextual Behavioral Sciences (CBS), which proposes a reticulated model to produce knowledge, in which basic and applied research evolve independently, but in continuous interaction. This article discusses the research methods adopted to define, investigate and approximate one of the main therapeutic techniques of ACT, named by the middle-level term cognitive defusion, of the basic behavioral processes. The practical and experimental problems arising from these strategies of investigation are analyzed critically. Finally, new directions and experimental strategies are proposed for the investigation and definition of cognitive defusion.
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References
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Assaz, D. A. (2019). Desfusão cognitiva na terapia de aceitação e compromisso (ACT): O processo de mudança clínica (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Assaz, D. A., Roche, B., Kanter, J. W., & Oshiro, C. K. B. (2018). Cognitive Defusion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: What Are the Basic Processes of Change? Psychological Record, 68(4), 405–418. doi: 10.1007/s40732-017-0254-z
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Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Luciano, C., & McEnteggart, C. (2017). From the IRAP and REC model to a multi-dimensional multi-level framework for analyzing the dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 434-445. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.08.001
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Teoria das Molduras Relacionais e Desfusão Cognitiva: Discussões e direções para a pesquisa experimental 001-020
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dos Santos, G. A. R., Perez, W. F., de Almeida, J. H., & de Rose, J. C. (2017). Transformação do significado de palavras sem sentido via relações arbitrárias de comparação com faces alegres. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 8(2), 269-285. doi: 10.18761/PAC.2017.028
Dougher, M., Perkins, D. R., Greenway, D., Koons, A., & Chiasson, C. (2002). Contextual control of equivalence‐based transformation of functions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 78(1), 63-93. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2002.78-63
Dymond, S., Roche, B., & Bennett, M. P. (2013). Relational frame theory and experimental psychopathology. Em: S. Dymond & B. Roche (Eds.), Advances in relational frame theory: Research and application (pp. 199–217). Oakland, CA: Context Press.
Ferroni-Bast, D., Fitzpatrick, J., Stewart, I., & Goyos, C. (2019). Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of reaction to perceived failure and the effects of a defusion intervention in this context. The Psychological Record, 69(4), 551-563. doi: 10.1007/s40732-019-00349-2
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Luciano, C. (2013). An empirical investigation of hierarchical versus distinction relations in a self-based ACT exercise. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 13(3), 373-388
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., Rai, L., & Luciano, C. (2015). An empirical investigation of the role of self, hierarchy, and distinction in a common act exercise. The Psychological Record, 65(2), 231-243. doi: 10.1007/s40732-014-0103-2
Gil-Luciano, B., Ruiz, F. J., Valdivia-Salas, S., & Suárez-Falcón, J. C. (2017). Promoting psychological flexibility on tolerance tasks: Framing behavior through deictic/hierarchical relations and specifying augmental functions. The Psychological Record, 67(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s40732-016-0200-5
Gomes, C. T., Perez, W. F., de Almeida, J. H., Ribeiro, A., de Rose, J. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2019). Assessing a derived transformation of functions using the implicit relational assessment procedure under three motivative conditions. The Psychological Record, 69(4), 487-497.
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Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012b). Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1(1–2), 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.004
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Hopkins, B. L., Cole, B. L., & Mason, T. L. (1998). A critique of the usefulness of inferential statistics in applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analyst, 21(1), 125–137. doi: /10.1007/BF03392787
Johnston, J. M., & Pennypacker, H. S. (2009). Strategies and tactics of behavioral research ( 3rd ed.). Routledge.
Kazdin, C. M. (1978). History of behavior modification: Experimental foundations of contemporary research. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Keogh, E., Bond, F. W., Hanmer, R., & Tilston, J. (2005). Comparing acceptance and control-based coping instructions on the cold-pressor pain experiences of healthy men and women. European Journal of Pain, 9, 591-598. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.005
Kishita, N., Muto, T., Ohtsuki, T., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014). Measuring the effect of cognitive defusion using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: An experimental analysis with a highly socially anxious sample. Journal of
Matheus H. S. Mello, Paola E. M. Almeida 001-020
Revista Perspectivas 2021 Early View RFT Special Volume pp.001-020 19 www.revistaperspectivas.org
Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(1), 8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.12.001
Levin, M. E., & Villatte, M. (2016). The Role of Experimental Psychopathology and Laboratory-Based Intervention Studies in Contextual Behavioral Science. Em R. D. Zettle, S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes- Holmes, & A. Biglan (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of contextual behavioral science (pp. 347–364). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Levin, M. E., Twohig, M. P., & Smith, B. M. (2016). Contextual Behavioral Science: An overview. Em R. D. Zettle, S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes- Holmes, & A. Biglan (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of contextual behavioral science (pp. 17–36). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
López-López, J. C., & Luciano, C. (2017). An experimental analysis of defusion interactions based on deictic and hierarchical framings and their impact on cognitive performance. The Psychological Record, 67(4), 485-497. doi: 10.1007/s40732-017-0250-3
Luciano, C., Valdivia‐Salas, S., Ruiz, F. J., Rodríguez‐Valverde, M., Barnes‐Holmes, D., Dougher, M. J., ... & Gutierrez‐Martínez, O. (2014). Effects of an acceptance/defusion intervention on experimentally induced generalized avoidance: A laboratory demonstration. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 101(1), 94-111. doi: 10.1002/jeab.68
Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Sackett, C. F., & Twohig, M. P. (2004). Cognitive defusion and self-relevant negative thoughts: Examining the impact of a ninety year old technique. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 477-485. doi: :10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008
Matos, M. A. (1990). Controle experimental e controle estatístico: a filosofia do caso único na pesquisa comportamental. Ciência Cultura (Säo Paulo), 42(8), 585–592.
McMullen, J., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., & Cochrane, A. (2007) Acceptance versus distraction: Brief instructions, metaphors, and exercises in increasing tolerance for self-delivered electric shocks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 122-129. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.002
Michael, J. (1980) Flight from behavior analysis presidential address ABA 1980. The Behavior Analyst, 3, 1-22. doi: 10.1007/BF03391838
Perez, W. F., Fidalgo, A. P., Kovac, R., & Nico, Y. C. (2015). The transfer of Cfunc contextual control through equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 103(3), 511–523. doi:10.1002/jeab.150
Perez, W. F., Nico, Y. C., Kovac, R., Fidalgo, A. P., & Leonardi, J. L. (2013). Introdução à Teoria das Molduras Relacionais (Relational Frame Theory): principais conceitos, achados experimentais e possibilidades de aplicação. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 04(1), 32–50.
Roche, B. T., Kanter, J. W., Brown, K. R., Simon, D., & Fogarty, C. C. (2008). A comparison of “direct” versus “derived” extinction of avoidance responding. The Psychological Record, 58(3), 443-463. doi: 10.1007/BF03395628
Roche, B., Barnes-Holmes, D., Smeets, P. M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & McGeady, S. (2000). Contextual control over the derived transformation of discriminative and sexual arousal functions. The Psychological Record, 50,267–29. doi: 10.1007/BF03395356
Sampaio, A. A. S., De Azevedo, F. H. B., Cardoso, L. R. D., De Lima, C., Pereira, M. B. R., & Andery, M. A. P. A. (2008). Uma introdução aos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único. Interação Em Psicologia, 12(1), 151–164. doi: 10.5380/psi.v12i1.9537
Sidman, M. (1960). Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology. Oxford, England: Basic Book.
Skinner B. F. (1966). What is the experimental analysis of behavior?. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9(3), 213–218. doi:10.1901/jeab.1966.9-213
Skinner, B. F. (1972). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Em B.F. Skinner, Cumulative record (pp.370-385). Appleton-Century-Crofts. Originalmente publicado em 1945.
Skinner, B. F. (2003). Ciência e comportamento humano (Vol. 10). São Paulo: Martins Fontes. Originalmente publicado em 1953.
Velasco, S. M., Garcia-Mijares, M., & Tomanari, G. Y. (2010). Fundamentos metodológicos da
Teoria das Molduras Relacionais e Desfusão Cognitiva: Discussões e direções para a pesquisa experimental 001-020
Revista Perspectivas 2021 Early View RFT Special Volume pp.001-020 20 www.revistaperspectivas.org
pesquisa em análise experimental do comportamento. Revista Psicologia em Pesquisa, 4(2), 150–155.
Zettle, R. D. (2011). The evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: From comprehensive distancing to ACT. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(1), 76–82. doi:10.1037/h0100929
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Assaz, D. A. (2019). Desfusão cognitiva na terapia de aceitação e compromisso (ACT): O processo de mudança clínica (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Assaz, D. A., Roche, B., Kanter, J. W., & Oshiro, C. K. B. (2018). Cognitive Defusion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: What Are the Basic Processes of Change? Psychological Record, 68(4), 405–418. doi: 10.1007/s40732-017-0254-z
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 91-97. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91
Barnes, D., Browne, M., Smeets, P. M., & Roche, B. (1995). A transfer of functions and a conditional transfer of functions through equivalence relations in three to six year old children. Psychological Record, 45, 405-430. doi: 10.1007/BF03395151
Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Luciano, C., & McEnteggart, C. (2017). From the IRAP and REC model to a multi-dimensional multi-level framework for analyzing the dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 434-445. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.08.001
Barnes-Holmes, Y., Hussey, I., McEnteggart, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Foody, M. (2016). Scientific ambition: The relationship between Relational Frame Theory and middle-level terms in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Em: R. D. Zettle, S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes-Holmes, & A. Biglan (Eds), The Wiley handbook of contextual behavioral science (pp. 365-382), West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Blackledge, J. T. (2003). An introduction to relational frame theory: Basics and applications. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(4), 421–433. doi: 10.1037/h0099997
Blackledge, J. T. (2007). Disrupting verbal processes: Cognitive defusion in acceptance and commitment therapy and other mindfulness-based psychotherapies. Psychological Record, 57(4), 555–576. doi: 10.1007/BF03395595
Blackledge, J. T., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2009). Em: J. T. Blackledge, J. Ciarrochi, & F. P. Deane (Eds.), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy – Contemporary Theory Research and Practice (pp. 41-59). Australian Academic Press.
Blackledge, J. T., & Drake, C. E. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Empirical and Theoretical Consideations. Em S. Dymond & B. Roche (Eds.), Advances in relational frame theory: Research and application (pp. 219–252). Oakland, CA: Context Press.
de Almeida, J. H., Bortoloti, R., dos Santos Ferreira, P. R., Schelini, P. W., & de Rose, J. C. C. (2014). Análise da validade e precisão de instrumento de diferencial semântico. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(2), 272-281. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427207
de Rose, J. C. (1993). Classes de estímulos: implicações para uma análise comportamental da cognição. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 9(2), 283-303.
Donahoe, J. W. (1993). The unconventional wisdom of B. F. Skinner: the analysis-interpretation distinction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60(2), 453-456. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1993.60-453
Teoria das Molduras Relacionais e Desfusão Cognitiva: Discussões e direções para a pesquisa experimental 001-020
Revista Perspectivas 2021 Early View RFT Special Volume pp.001-020 18 www.revistaperspectivas.org
Donati, M. R., Masuda, A., Schaefer, L. W., Cohen, L. L., Tone, E. B., & Parrott, D. J. (2019). Laboratory analogue investigation of defusion and reappraisal strategies in the context of symbolically generalized avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 112(3), 225-241. doi: 10.1002/jeab.550
dos Santos, G. A. R., Perez, W. F., de Almeida, J. H., & de Rose, J. C. (2017). Transformação do significado de palavras sem sentido via relações arbitrárias de comparação com faces alegres. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 8(2), 269-285. doi: 10.18761/PAC.2017.028
Dougher, M., Perkins, D. R., Greenway, D., Koons, A., & Chiasson, C. (2002). Contextual control of equivalence‐based transformation of functions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 78(1), 63-93. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2002.78-63
Dymond, S., Roche, B., & Bennett, M. P. (2013). Relational frame theory and experimental psychopathology. Em: S. Dymond & B. Roche (Eds.), Advances in relational frame theory: Research and application (pp. 199–217). Oakland, CA: Context Press.
Ferroni-Bast, D., Fitzpatrick, J., Stewart, I., & Goyos, C. (2019). Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of reaction to perceived failure and the effects of a defusion intervention in this context. The Psychological Record, 69(4), 551-563. doi: 10.1007/s40732-019-00349-2
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Luciano, C. (2013). An empirical investigation of hierarchical versus distinction relations in a self-based ACT exercise. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 13(3), 373-388
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., Rai, L., & Luciano, C. (2015). An empirical investigation of the role of self, hierarchy, and distinction in a common act exercise. The Psychological Record, 65(2), 231-243. doi: 10.1007/s40732-014-0103-2
Gil-Luciano, B., Ruiz, F. J., Valdivia-Salas, S., & Suárez-Falcón, J. C. (2017). Promoting psychological flexibility on tolerance tasks: Framing behavior through deictic/hierarchical relations and specifying augmental functions. The Psychological Record, 67(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s40732-016-0200-5
Gomes, C. T., Perez, W. F., de Almeida, J. H., Ribeiro, A., de Rose, J. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2019). Assessing a derived transformation of functions using the implicit relational assessment procedure under three motivative conditions. The Psychological Record, 69(4), 487-497.
Guilhardi, H. J. (2002). Problemas e perspectivas na análise aplicada do comportamento: o caso da clínica. Apresentação no VI LABEX (Encontro de Pesquisadores do Laboratório de Psicologia Experimental da PUC-SP). São Paulo.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012b). Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1(1–2), 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.004
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012a). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hopkins, B. L., Cole, B. L., & Mason, T. L. (1998). A critique of the usefulness of inferential statistics in applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analyst, 21(1), 125–137. doi: /10.1007/BF03392787
Johnston, J. M., & Pennypacker, H. S. (2009). Strategies and tactics of behavioral research ( 3rd ed.). Routledge.
Kazdin, C. M. (1978). History of behavior modification: Experimental foundations of contemporary research. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Keogh, E., Bond, F. W., Hanmer, R., & Tilston, J. (2005). Comparing acceptance and control-based coping instructions on the cold-pressor pain experiences of healthy men and women. European Journal of Pain, 9, 591-598. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.005
Kishita, N., Muto, T., Ohtsuki, T., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014). Measuring the effect of cognitive defusion using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: An experimental analysis with a highly socially anxious sample. Journal of
Matheus H. S. Mello, Paola E. M. Almeida 001-020
Revista Perspectivas 2021 Early View RFT Special Volume pp.001-020 19 www.revistaperspectivas.org
Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(1), 8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.12.001
Levin, M. E., & Villatte, M. (2016). The Role of Experimental Psychopathology and Laboratory-Based Intervention Studies in Contextual Behavioral Science. Em R. D. Zettle, S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes- Holmes, & A. Biglan (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of contextual behavioral science (pp. 347–364). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Levin, M. E., Twohig, M. P., & Smith, B. M. (2016). Contextual Behavioral Science: An overview. Em R. D. Zettle, S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes- Holmes, & A. Biglan (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of contextual behavioral science (pp. 17–36). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
López-López, J. C., & Luciano, C. (2017). An experimental analysis of defusion interactions based on deictic and hierarchical framings and their impact on cognitive performance. The Psychological Record, 67(4), 485-497. doi: 10.1007/s40732-017-0250-3
Luciano, C., Valdivia‐Salas, S., Ruiz, F. J., Rodríguez‐Valverde, M., Barnes‐Holmes, D., Dougher, M. J., ... & Gutierrez‐Martínez, O. (2014). Effects of an acceptance/defusion intervention on experimentally induced generalized avoidance: A laboratory demonstration. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 101(1), 94-111. doi: 10.1002/jeab.68
Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Sackett, C. F., & Twohig, M. P. (2004). Cognitive defusion and self-relevant negative thoughts: Examining the impact of a ninety year old technique. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 477-485. doi: :10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008
Matos, M. A. (1990). Controle experimental e controle estatístico: a filosofia do caso único na pesquisa comportamental. Ciência Cultura (Säo Paulo), 42(8), 585–592.
McMullen, J., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., & Cochrane, A. (2007) Acceptance versus distraction: Brief instructions, metaphors, and exercises in increasing tolerance for self-delivered electric shocks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 122-129. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.002
Michael, J. (1980) Flight from behavior analysis presidential address ABA 1980. The Behavior Analyst, 3, 1-22. doi: 10.1007/BF03391838
Perez, W. F., Fidalgo, A. P., Kovac, R., & Nico, Y. C. (2015). The transfer of Cfunc contextual control through equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 103(3), 511–523. doi:10.1002/jeab.150
Perez, W. F., Nico, Y. C., Kovac, R., Fidalgo, A. P., & Leonardi, J. L. (2013). Introdução à Teoria das Molduras Relacionais (Relational Frame Theory): principais conceitos, achados experimentais e possibilidades de aplicação. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 04(1), 32–50.
Roche, B. T., Kanter, J. W., Brown, K. R., Simon, D., & Fogarty, C. C. (2008). A comparison of “direct” versus “derived” extinction of avoidance responding. The Psychological Record, 58(3), 443-463. doi: 10.1007/BF03395628
Roche, B., Barnes-Holmes, D., Smeets, P. M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & McGeady, S. (2000). Contextual control over the derived transformation of discriminative and sexual arousal functions. The Psychological Record, 50,267–29. doi: 10.1007/BF03395356
Sampaio, A. A. S., De Azevedo, F. H. B., Cardoso, L. R. D., De Lima, C., Pereira, M. B. R., & Andery, M. A. P. A. (2008). Uma introdução aos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único. Interação Em Psicologia, 12(1), 151–164. doi: 10.5380/psi.v12i1.9537
Sidman, M. (1960). Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology. Oxford, England: Basic Book.
Skinner B. F. (1966). What is the experimental analysis of behavior?. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9(3), 213–218. doi:10.1901/jeab.1966.9-213
Skinner, B. F. (1972). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Em B.F. Skinner, Cumulative record (pp.370-385). Appleton-Century-Crofts. Originalmente publicado em 1945.
Skinner, B. F. (2003). Ciência e comportamento humano (Vol. 10). São Paulo: Martins Fontes. Originalmente publicado em 1953.
Velasco, S. M., Garcia-Mijares, M., & Tomanari, G. Y. (2010). Fundamentos metodológicos da
Teoria das Molduras Relacionais e Desfusão Cognitiva: Discussões e direções para a pesquisa experimental 001-020
Revista Perspectivas 2021 Early View RFT Special Volume pp.001-020 20 www.revistaperspectivas.org
pesquisa em análise experimental do comportamento. Revista Psicologia em Pesquisa, 4(2), 150–155.
Zettle, R. D. (2011). The evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: From comprehensive distancing to ACT. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(1), 76–82. doi:10.1037/h0100929
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2021-09-16
How to Cite
Mello, M. H. S. ., & Almeida, P. E. M. . (2021). Relational Frame Theory and Cognitive Defusion: Discussions and directions for experimental research. Perspectivas Em Análise Do Comportamento, 12(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.18761/PAC.2021.v12.RFT.15
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